Borrelia valaisiana resist complement-mediated killing independently of the recruitment of immune regulators and inactivation of complement components

Spirochetes belonging to the Borrelia (B.) burgdorferi sensu lato complex differ in their resistance to complement-mediated killing, particularly in regard to human serum. In the present study, we elucidate the serum and complement susceptibility of B. valaisiana, a genospecies with the potential to cause Lyme disease in Europe as well as in Asia. Among the investigated isolates, growth of ZWU3 Ny3 was not affected while growth of VS116 and Bv9 was strongly inhibited in the presence of 50% human serum. Analyzing complement activation, complement components C3, C4 and C6 were deposited on the surface of isolates VS116 and Bv9, and similarly the membrane attack complex was formed on their surface. In contrast, no surface-deposited components and no aberrations in cell morphology were detected for serum-resistant ZWU3 Ny3. While further investigating the protective role of bound complement regulators in mediating complement resistance, we discovered that none of the B. valaisiana isolates analyzed bound complement regulators Factor H, Factor H-like protein 1, C4b binding protein or C1 esterase inhibitor. In addition, B. valaisiana also lacked intrinsic proteolytic activity to degrade complement components C3, C3b, C4, C4b, and C5. Taken together, these findings suggest that certain B. valaisiana isolates differ in their capability to resist complement-mediating killing by human serum. The molecular mechanism utilized by B. valaisiana to inhibit bacteriolysis appears not to involve binding of the key host complement regulators of the alternative, classical, and lectin pathways as already known for serum-resistant Lyme disease or relapsing fever borreliae

Geschichte des Adels von seinem Entstehen bis zum heutigen Zeitpunkte

von C. A. Selin

Avaliação da sazonalidade da produção de serapilheira numa Floresta Estacional Decidual no município de Santa Maria-RS Evaluation of the seasonal variation of litter production in a Seasonal Deciduous Forest in Santa Maria, RS

Durante o período de um ano, foram avaliadas a quantidade de serapilheira depositada e a sazonalidade de sua queda em um ecossistema de Floresta Estacional Decidual, próximo ao município de Santa Maria-RS. Para o estudo foram utilizados 30 coletores de metal de formato circular, com 50 cm de diâmetro, distribuídos de maneira sistemática em seis parcelas de formato retangular, medindo 18 x 20 m, em área com características ambientais semelhantes. O material depositado foi coletado mensalmente, separado em diferentes frações, seco e pesado. A queda de serapilheira foi de 9,2 Mg/ha/ano, apresentando a seguinte composição: 67,8% de folhas, 19,3% de galhos finos e 12,9% de miscelânea (flores, frutos, sementes, outros materiais vegetais). As maiores produções de serapilheira ocorreram entre julho e setembro, no período de inverno, e as menores entre outubro e abril, na primavera e no verão. A deposição de serapilheira apresentou correlações negativas com a temperatura.<br>The amount of litter produced and its seasonal fall were estimated during the period of one year, in a Seasonal Deciduous Forest ecosystem next to Santa Maria, RS. Thirty round-shaped metal collectors (50 cm diameter) were used, systematically distributed in 6 rectangular plots (10 m x 20 m) presenting similar environmental characteristics. The material deposited was collected monthly, separated into different fractions, dried and weighed. Litter production was 9.2 Mg/ha/year, presenting the following composition: 67.8% of leaves, 19.3% of fine branches and 12.9% of miscellany (flowers, fruit, seeds and other plant materials). The greatest amounts of litter production occurred between the months of July and September, in the winter, and the smallest productions between October and April, in the spring and summer. The devolution of litter presented negative correlations with the temperature